The Topnaar people are nomadic, cattle-herders together with aboriginal Khoikhoi-speaking ethnic grouping belonging to the Nama, who for their part, equally good belong to the larger Khoi-Khoi (Hottentots) ethnic group. Topnaar alive inwards the Central Namid inwards the lower Kuiseb valley along Kuiseb river inwards the expanse around the Walvis Bay inwards the Erongo Region of Namibia.
Topnaar community on the Kuiseb River.
The Khoi-Khoi were called Hottentots past times the kickoff European colonizers, likely because of their linguistic communication Nama, a "click" language. The iv clicks used inwards Nama are I a "dental click", il a "lateral click", ! a "palatal click" together with =t= a "alveolar click". The Khoi-Khoi, translated equally 'men of men', were previously to a greater extent than widely dispersed inwards southern Africa.
At acquaint Khoi-Khoi tribes are alone industrial plant life inwards Namibia where they consist of iii groups: the Nama, the Oorlam together with a lay out of San groups.
The Nama are divided into ix tribes, 2 of which are the Topnaar of the lower Kuiseb valley together with the Topnaar of Sesfontein. The nurture Topnaar is of Dutch origin, pregnant 'people of the upperland' or 'those who are on top'. This is likely a translation of the traditional Nama nurture Aonin.
Etymologically ^Aonin is derived from =(=ao6, pregnant top. There are unlike explanations of the nurture Aonin: 'people on the top', living inwards the mountains (KÖHLER, 1969); 'people standing on transcend of the Nama people', superior to the other tribes (KÖHLER, 1969); 'people living inwards a marginal area', on the border of the Nama territory (BUDACK, 1977) or 'people inhabiting the
ocean coast' (KÖHLER, 1969).
Topnaar people
The Topnaar tribe is divided into sibs (clans) together with the tribal regime consists of a primary together with his council. In the past times the leadership was inheritable, but instantly equally good the people receive got a tell inwards the elections of a novel chief.
Topnaar cattle breeders
History
The Topnaar are alongside the oldest inhabitants of Namibia. Their history is non completely known. The earliest recorded presence of Topnaar inwards the Walvisbay expanse goes dorsum to 1670 when the Dutch East Republic of Republic of India Company's ship, Grundel, kickoff entered Sandwich Harbour, only southward of Walvisbay.
An elder from the Topnaar Community inwards Namibia's Namib Desert.
The natives on the shore were recognized equally Hottentots past times the crew, but their linguistic communication was noted to go slightly unlike to that of the Cape Hottentots (who were known from the kickoff voyages of the Dutch East Republic of Republic of India Company to South Africa). At that fourth dimension the Kuiseb silent reached the ocean at Sandwich Harbour. Seven years later, inwards 1677, the Dutch East Republic of Republic of India Company vessel Boode visited Sandwich Harbour together with met Hottentots, which were herding cattle together with collecting Inara seeds.
In 1973, physician Beatrice Sandelowsky discovered close Conception Bay some fragments of a Khoi clay pot, which were dated to a greater extent than or less 650 years back. This likely way that Khoi-Khoin were already living along the Namibian coast inwards the 14th century. It is non sure, however, whether these people were Topnaar people or belonged to some other tribe.
According to oral tradition, the Topnaar came from the northward prior to occupying the Walvisbay territory. The exact expanse were they came from was notwithstanding non farther specified.
The Topnaar were alongside the kickoff traders inwards Namibia. As early on equally 1677 they bartered with European sailors beef, goats, milk, Inara together with fresh H2O inwards telephone substitution for full general supplies, clothes, weapons together with alcohol.
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 long fourth dimension ago, the Topnaars' territory was to a greater extent than extensive together with reached from the coast, eastwards along the lower Kuiseb equally far equally !Hu-daob, together with from Conception Bay inwards the southward northwards to the Swakop river (BUDACK, 1 ix seven 7 ; KÖHLER, 1 ix 6 9). They were driven from business office of this expanse by
the Herero migrating from the northward together with other Nama people migrating from the south.
There be unlike opinions close how some Topnaar people migrated to Sesfontein, close 500 km northward of the Kuiseb inwards the Kaokoveld. HOERNLÉ (1925) says the Topnaar told her that some of them returned to the northward after having settled inwards the Walvisbay area. Other sources (KÖHLER 1969; Kooitjie, personal comment) tell that inwards the 1880's, during the wars betwixt the Nama together with Herero, a grouping of Topnaar joined January Jonker Afrikaner, headman of the Afrikaners, to struggle the Herero, together with thereafter remained inwards the north, inwards a identify called Am-eib. Forced past times drought they moved afterwards to Sesfontein, where at that 2d already lived some other African tribes, Bushmen together with Bergdama. Another grouping of Nama people, the Swartboois, followed them later.
Topnaar Nama people
Way of Life inwards the Lower Kuiseb Valley
The Topnaar of the lower Kuiseb valley traditionally alive past times herding cattle, gardening, together with gathering the Inara (Acantfiosicyos horndus). The latter is a cucurbit which grows inwards the wild. It is endemic to the coast of Namibia together with provides nutrient together with H2O to the Topnaar. The Topnaar are hence equally good called INaranin, people living off the Inara. This notwithstanding is a derogatory nurture to them equally it stresses their dependency on "veldkos" (literally nutrient from the field, referring to the purpose of indigenous edible plants for food).
!nara
The Inara grows abundantly inwards the sand dunes close Walvisbay. Each solid unit of measurement possesses a lay out of Inara bushes. In this the Topnaar differ from the other Khoi-Khoi: the Inara bushes, non the nation on which they grow, are individual property, whereas ordinarily possessions are common. This perpetual correct to the Inaras was approved past times Queen Victoria herself. Each solid unit of measurement tin alone harvest from its ain Inara bushes. The holding rights are hereditary. If the parents die, the Inara champaign is divided over the children that are interested inwards the Inara. The primary together with his council may dominion inwards disputes if necessary. During the harvesting flavour of the Inara, whole families motility downwards to the coastal Inara fields together with remain in that place until the goal of the harvest. Only a few people remain behind inwards the villages to attend livestock.
!nara melon
In the past, the Topnaar of the Kuiseb expanse were split upwardly into Hurinin, the hunther-gatherers together with fishermen living along the coast, together with INaranin, those living to a greater extent than inland along the Kuiseb river. The latter were the dominant group. Now they receive got fused. Furthermore these Topnaar receive got equally good fused with some Herero, Ovambo, Damara together with Eurafricans living inwards the same area.
Way of Life inwards Sesfontein
The Topnaar of Sesfontein are equally good called IGomen, "stupid people", speaking a strange, unintelligible dialect (KÖHLER., 1969 ) . In 1906, the farm Sesfontein, so called because of the vi perennial springs issuing inwards the area, was granted to the Topnaar together with Swartboois past times the German linguistic communication Government. Due to these springs, which provide H2O to this area, irrigated agriculture is possible inwards Sesfontein. Every manful individual inhabitant owns a business office of the irrigated fields. The major crops are wheat, corn together with tobacco. Gathering of wild nutrient plants is silent of import to these people equally good equally some caprine animal farming.
About 100 Topnaar soon alive inwards Sesfontein. The earliest primary the Sesfontein Topnaar tin retrieve was \Uichah. Under him they silent lived inwards the south. Only during the leadership of his son, Anibab Hendrik \Uichamab, did the Topnaar truly come upwardly to Sesfontein.
Topnaar woman
The Khoi-Khoi are traditionally nomadic. The Kuiseb Topnaars' mobility, however, is restricted past times the environmental weather condition of the area: the people depend on the waterholes inwards the riverbed together with the Inara fields. Another drastic influence on their mobility together with full general way of living is the fact that inwards 1907 a large expanse of the Namib desert was declared a National Park. This ruling prevents hunting together with prohibits the herding of livestock or whatever other activity exterior the riverbed.
Following implementation of the South African Odendaalplan (the aim of this innovation was to render all dark people inwards South Africa together with South West Africa (now Namibia) to their respective homelands), some farms were purchased farther south, inwards Namaland, with the intention to motility together with resettle the Topnaar exterior the Namib-Naukluft park. They refused, however, to function out their territory, which they claim equally their traditional tribal expanse equally they receive got already occupied it for several centuries. Their culture
is linked to the Inara together with they depend on the ocean together with its nutrient resources.
There equally good be legal treaties respecting their traditional rights to the purpose ofthe Inara plants.
For years the presence of the Topnaar inwards the Namib-Naukluft commons was a theme of dispute betwixt the Ministery of Wildlife, Conservation together with Tourism together with the Topnaar people. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 outcome of this was that nether South African rule, few investments inwards the evolution of the expanse were made. Only inwards 1979 did
the Department of Water Affairs ameliorate the H2O render inwards the villages past times edifice wind-pumps, dams, pipelines together with water-taps.
Topnaar kid
The kickoff known primary of the Kuiseb Topnaar was Frederik Khaxab (mid19th century). After his decease Piet II Eibib became primary of the Topnaar. When he died inwards 1910, leaving no son, 2 fractions struggled for the leadership, but without result. For 66 years the Topnaar had no leader. This resulted inwards the loss of some of their traditions, civilization together with tribal unity. Only inwards 1976, when Namibian independence became a possibility, did the require for a Topnaar spokesman at national degree emerge. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 novel leader, primary Esau Kooitjie was nominated. On his retirement inwards 1981, his eighteen twelvemonth onetime boy Seth
Kooitjie was elected his successor. Since so the Topnaar receive got over again had someone to stand upwardly for them together with promote their interests on a national level.
Topnaar girl
At the fourth dimension of this query close 400 Topnaar lived along the Kuiseb river, divided over 12 semi-permanent settlements, all located on the northern banking concern of the river, far plenty from the river so that the occasional floods volition non destroy the houses. The villages, from eastward to west, are Homeb, Oswater,
Natab, Gobabeb, Soutrivier, Klipneus, Swartbank, Eduseb, Ururas, Goatanab, Dawe-draais together with Armstraat. The 4 concluding villages belong to the Walvisbay-enclave (still belonging to the Republic of South Africa
source: P a t r i c k V Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 N D Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 thou M E & V e e r l e V Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 N D E N E Y N D E N
Laboratory for Tropical together with Sub-tropical Agronomy together with Ethnobotany
Faculty of Agricultural together with Applied Biological Sciences
Department of Plant Production
Coupure Links, 653
B-9000 Gent BELGIUM
Topnaar community on the Kuiseb River.
The Khoi-Khoi were called Hottentots past times the kickoff European colonizers, likely because of their linguistic communication Nama, a "click" language. The iv clicks used inwards Nama are I a "dental click", il a "lateral click", ! a "palatal click" together with =t= a "alveolar click". The Khoi-Khoi, translated equally 'men of men', were previously to a greater extent than widely dispersed inwards southern Africa.
Portrait of a Topnaar Hottentot daughter taken along the Kuiseb River , Kuiseb River , Namibia
At acquaint Khoi-Khoi tribes are alone industrial plant life inwards Namibia where they consist of iii groups: the Nama, the Oorlam together with a lay out of San groups.
The Nama are divided into ix tribes, 2 of which are the Topnaar of the lower Kuiseb valley together with the Topnaar of Sesfontein. The nurture Topnaar is of Dutch origin, pregnant 'people of the upperland' or 'those who are on top'. This is likely a translation of the traditional Nama nurture Aonin.
A portrait of a Topnaar Hottentot whose distinctive features reflects the Khoi Khoi ancestry
Etymologically ^Aonin is derived from =(=ao6, pregnant top. There are unlike explanations of the nurture Aonin: 'people on the top', living inwards the mountains (KÖHLER, 1969); 'people standing on transcend of the Nama people', superior to the other tribes (KÖHLER, 1969); 'people living inwards a marginal area', on the border of the Nama territory (BUDACK, 1977) or 'people inhabiting the
ocean coast' (KÖHLER, 1969).
Topnaar people
The Topnaar tribe is divided into sibs (clans) together with the tribal regime consists of a primary together with his council. In the past times the leadership was inheritable, but instantly equally good the people receive got a tell inwards the elections of a novel chief.
Topnaar cattle breeders
History
The Topnaar are alongside the oldest inhabitants of Namibia. Their history is non completely known. The earliest recorded presence of Topnaar inwards the Walvisbay expanse goes dorsum to 1670 when the Dutch East Republic of Republic of India Company's ship, Grundel, kickoff entered Sandwich Harbour, only southward of Walvisbay.
An elder from the Topnaar Community inwards Namibia's Namib Desert.
The natives on the shore were recognized equally Hottentots past times the crew, but their linguistic communication was noted to go slightly unlike to that of the Cape Hottentots (who were known from the kickoff voyages of the Dutch East Republic of Republic of India Company to South Africa). At that fourth dimension the Kuiseb silent reached the ocean at Sandwich Harbour. Seven years later, inwards 1677, the Dutch East Republic of Republic of India Company vessel Boode visited Sandwich Harbour together with met Hottentots, which were herding cattle together with collecting Inara seeds.
In 1973, physician Beatrice Sandelowsky discovered close Conception Bay some fragments of a Khoi clay pot, which were dated to a greater extent than or less 650 years back. This likely way that Khoi-Khoin were already living along the Namibian coast inwards the 14th century. It is non sure, however, whether these people were Topnaar people or belonged to some other tribe.
Topnaar royal
According to oral tradition, the Topnaar came from the northward prior to occupying the Walvisbay territory. The exact expanse were they came from was notwithstanding non farther specified.
The Topnaar were alongside the kickoff traders inwards Namibia. As early on equally 1677 they bartered with European sailors beef, goats, milk, Inara together with fresh H2O inwards telephone substitution for full general supplies, clothes, weapons together with alcohol.
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 long fourth dimension ago, the Topnaars' territory was to a greater extent than extensive together with reached from the coast, eastwards along the lower Kuiseb equally far equally !Hu-daob, together with from Conception Bay inwards the southward northwards to the Swakop river (BUDACK, 1 ix seven 7 ; KÖHLER, 1 ix 6 9). They were driven from business office of this expanse by
the Herero migrating from the northward together with other Nama people migrating from the south.
Topnaar man
There be unlike opinions close how some Topnaar people migrated to Sesfontein, close 500 km northward of the Kuiseb inwards the Kaokoveld. HOERNLÉ (1925) says the Topnaar told her that some of them returned to the northward after having settled inwards the Walvisbay area. Other sources (KÖHLER 1969; Kooitjie, personal comment) tell that inwards the 1880's, during the wars betwixt the Nama together with Herero, a grouping of Topnaar joined January Jonker Afrikaner, headman of the Afrikaners, to struggle the Herero, together with thereafter remained inwards the north, inwards a identify called Am-eib. Forced past times drought they moved afterwards to Sesfontein, where at that 2d already lived some other African tribes, Bushmen together with Bergdama. Another grouping of Nama people, the Swartboois, followed them later.
Topnaar Nama people
Way of Life inwards the Lower Kuiseb Valley
The Topnaar of the lower Kuiseb valley traditionally alive past times herding cattle, gardening, together with gathering the Inara (Acantfiosicyos horndus). The latter is a cucurbit which grows inwards the wild. It is endemic to the coast of Namibia together with provides nutrient together with H2O to the Topnaar. The Topnaar are hence equally good called INaranin, people living off the Inara. This notwithstanding is a derogatory nurture to them equally it stresses their dependency on "veldkos" (literally nutrient from the field, referring to the purpose of indigenous edible plants for food).
!nara
The Inara grows abundantly inwards the sand dunes close Walvisbay. Each solid unit of measurement possesses a lay out of Inara bushes. In this the Topnaar differ from the other Khoi-Khoi: the Inara bushes, non the nation on which they grow, are individual property, whereas ordinarily possessions are common. This perpetual correct to the Inaras was approved past times Queen Victoria herself. Each solid unit of measurement tin alone harvest from its ain Inara bushes. The holding rights are hereditary. If the parents die, the Inara champaign is divided over the children that are interested inwards the Inara. The primary together with his council may dominion inwards disputes if necessary. During the harvesting flavour of the Inara, whole families motility downwards to the coastal Inara fields together with remain in that place until the goal of the harvest. Only a few people remain behind inwards the villages to attend livestock.
!nara melon
In the past, the Topnaar of the Kuiseb expanse were split upwardly into Hurinin, the hunther-gatherers together with fishermen living along the coast, together with INaranin, those living to a greater extent than inland along the Kuiseb river. The latter were the dominant group. Now they receive got fused. Furthermore these Topnaar receive got equally good fused with some Herero, Ovambo, Damara together with Eurafricans living inwards the same area.
Way of Life inwards Sesfontein
The Topnaar of Sesfontein are equally good called IGomen, "stupid people", speaking a strange, unintelligible dialect (KÖHLER., 1969 ) . In 1906, the farm Sesfontein, so called because of the vi perennial springs issuing inwards the area, was granted to the Topnaar together with Swartboois past times the German linguistic communication Government. Due to these springs, which provide H2O to this area, irrigated agriculture is possible inwards Sesfontein. Every manful individual inhabitant owns a business office of the irrigated fields. The major crops are wheat, corn together with tobacco. Gathering of wild nutrient plants is silent of import to these people equally good equally some caprine animal farming.
About 100 Topnaar soon alive inwards Sesfontein. The earliest primary the Sesfontein Topnaar tin retrieve was \Uichah. Under him they silent lived inwards the south. Only during the leadership of his son, Anibab Hendrik \Uichamab, did the Topnaar truly come upwardly to Sesfontein.
Topnaar woman
The Khoi-Khoi are traditionally nomadic. The Kuiseb Topnaars' mobility, however, is restricted past times the environmental weather condition of the area: the people depend on the waterholes inwards the riverbed together with the Inara fields. Another drastic influence on their mobility together with full general way of living is the fact that inwards 1907 a large expanse of the Namib desert was declared a National Park. This ruling prevents hunting together with prohibits the herding of livestock or whatever other activity exterior the riverbed.
Following implementation of the South African Odendaalplan (the aim of this innovation was to render all dark people inwards South Africa together with South West Africa (now Namibia) to their respective homelands), some farms were purchased farther south, inwards Namaland, with the intention to motility together with resettle the Topnaar exterior the Namib-Naukluft park. They refused, however, to function out their territory, which they claim equally their traditional tribal expanse equally they receive got already occupied it for several centuries. Their culture
is linked to the Inara together with they depend on the ocean together with its nutrient resources.
There equally good be legal treaties respecting their traditional rights to the purpose ofthe Inara plants.
For years the presence of the Topnaar inwards the Namib-Naukluft commons was a theme of dispute betwixt the Ministery of Wildlife, Conservation together with Tourism together with the Topnaar people. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 outcome of this was that nether South African rule, few investments inwards the evolution of the expanse were made. Only inwards 1979 did
the Department of Water Affairs ameliorate the H2O render inwards the villages past times edifice wind-pumps, dams, pipelines together with water-taps.
Topnaar kid
The kickoff known primary of the Kuiseb Topnaar was Frederik Khaxab (mid19th century). After his decease Piet II Eibib became primary of the Topnaar. When he died inwards 1910, leaving no son, 2 fractions struggled for the leadership, but without result. For 66 years the Topnaar had no leader. This resulted inwards the loss of some of their traditions, civilization together with tribal unity. Only inwards 1976, when Namibian independence became a possibility, did the require for a Topnaar spokesman at national degree emerge. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 novel leader, primary Esau Kooitjie was nominated. On his retirement inwards 1981, his eighteen twelvemonth onetime boy Seth
Kooitjie was elected his successor. Since so the Topnaar receive got over again had someone to stand upwardly for them together with promote their interests on a national level.
Topnaar girl
At the fourth dimension of this query close 400 Topnaar lived along the Kuiseb river, divided over 12 semi-permanent settlements, all located on the northern banking concern of the river, far plenty from the river so that the occasional floods volition non destroy the houses. The villages, from eastward to west, are Homeb, Oswater,
Natab, Gobabeb, Soutrivier, Klipneus, Swartbank, Eduseb, Ururas, Goatanab, Dawe-draais together with Armstraat. The 4 concluding villages belong to the Walvisbay-enclave (still belonging to the Republic of South Africa
source: P a t r i c k V Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 N D Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 thou M E & V e e r l e V Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 N D E N E Y N D E N
Laboratory for Tropical together with Sub-tropical Agronomy together with Ethnobotany
Faculty of Agricultural together with Applied Biological Sciences
Department of Plant Production
Coupure Links, 653
B-9000 Gent BELGIUM
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